Digital watermarking has recently emerged as a solution to the problem of providing guarantees about copyright protection of digital images. However, several problems related to the robustness of invisible watermarking techniques from malicious or non-malicious attacks still remain unsolved. Visible watermarking is an effective technique for preventing unauthorized use of an image, based on the insertion of a translucent mark, which provides immediate claim of ownership. Digital watermarking technology primarily joins the rightful owner of totem to the protected media. Once the media are suspected to be illegally used, an open algorithm can be used to extract the digital watermark, for the purpose of showing the media's ownership. A reversible visible watermarking scheme is proposed to satisfy the applications, in which the visible watermark is expected to combat copyright piracy but can be removed to recover the original image without loss. In this paper, we propose a reversible visible watermark method, which embeds QR code into gray-scale images to create a visible watermark. Not using complex calculations, this paper tries to simply change the pixel value to achieve the digital watermark. Furthermore, a reversible steganographic method is used to embed the watermarking information, which can be used to recover the original images, into the watermarking images. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012 afirmam que o sistema QR code tornou-se popular fora da indústria devido à sua rápida legibilidade e grande capacidade de armazenamento em comparação aos códigos de barras padrões. Segundo os autores, o sistema consiste em módulos pretos arranjados em quadrado em um fundo branco e é composto de quatro tipos padronizados de modos de dados, a saber alfanuméricos; byte; kanji ou virtualmente qualquer tipo de dados. ...... Segundo os autores, o sistema consiste em módulos pretos arranjados em quadrado em um fundo branco e é composto de quatro tipos padronizados de modos de dados, a saber alfanuméricos; byte; kanji ou virtualmente qualquer tipo de dados. Os usuários que levam a câmera do celular ao código de barras, por meio um aplicativo decodificador, podem obter informações diretamente, como URLs, dados de texto e imagens, com uma economia significativa de tempo Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012. O código QR consome menos espaço para grandes informações em comparação com qualquer outra tecnologia Kavitha & Shan, 2017. ...... Dentre as vantagens do QR Code, os autores citam alta codificação de dados e a capacidade de correção de erros, pois os dados podem ser restaurados mesmo se o QR Code for parcialmente sujo ou danificado. Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012 afirmam em seu estudo que a marca d'água digital invisível emergiu recentemente como solução para o problema de fornecer garantias sobre direitos autorais em imagens digitais, mas mesmo assim elas ainda sofrem ataques maliciosos de violação. Nesse sentido, propõem um método de marca d'água visível reversível, que incorpora o código QR em imagens em escala de cinza. ...The objective of this work was to consolidate the studies regarding RFID and QR code technologies in the context of military organizations. RFID and QR code are technologies that aim to contribute to the control and management of information in search of optimizing organizational processes. Thus, understanding the current state of the art on these technologies are important to know the key contributions and challenges. This study is an exploratory, quantitative approach, based on the Theory of Consolidated Analytic Meta Approach, through a systematic review of the literature. A total of 208 articles were analyzed, of which 60 were from the Web of Science database and 148 from Scopus. The results revealed that the subject has been gaining importance in the last years, due to the increasing number of citations related to the theme. From the analysis of the key words and the main articles on the subject it was also noticed that the applications of RFID technology have been much more widespread than the QR code in the military scope. Among the main applications perceived is a wireless system of identification, with the aid of RFID technology, that contributes to security, logistics, management and communication in the military field. In order to deepen the analysis of the bibliographic research, maps were made with the co-citations and bibliographic coupling for the two databases. In addition, a table was presented summarizing the main advantages and disadvantages of RFID and QR code applications in the military mentioned in the main articles.... Consequently, the concept of "Information Hiding" [1] has been proposed. Then theory of Cryptography [2] and watermarking [3] has been developed. But in the present days, thanks to the rising computational supremacy, regular cryptographic and watermarking algorithms have been established to be evidence for weak point against mathematical and statistical methods. ...... Here apply it in Cover and Stego images to see the difference between these two images. The Correlation shows in equation 3. ... Dr- Indradip BanerjeeInternet expertise's are now carrying a imperative responsibility in our habitual living. It has the advantages along with the disadvantages; it can generate the requirements of information hiding technology for maintaining the secrecy of the secret information. Steganography is most fashionable information hiding technique in modern day situation, which comes from a Greek word " εγαν-, γραφ-ειν " means " covered or hidden writing ". Extensive capacity of effort has been carried out by different researchers in this ground. In this contribution, a novel special domain image Steganography method has been proposed which has been design based on prime factor calculation on pixel intensity.... QR codes have been utilized in watermarking techniques for years. They were either embedded in arbitrary images [HWW12] or vice versa [VR12]. For the latter case, data was embedded in the QR code, which acted as a container to hide information [HCF11,BMT13]. ...QR code is a 2D matrix barcode widely used for product tracking, identification, document management and general marketing. Recently, there have been various attempts to utilize QR codes in 3D manufacturing by carving QR codes on the surface of the printed 3D shape. Nevertheless, significant shape editing and modulation may be required to allow readability of the embedded 3D-QR-codes with good decoding accuracy. In this paper, we introduce a novel QR code 3D fabrication framework aimed at unobtrusive embedding of 3D-QR-codes in the shape hence introducing minimal shape modulation. Essentially, our method computes bi-directional carvings in the 3D shape surface to obtain the black-and-white QR pattern. By using a directional light source, the black-and-white QR pattern emerges as lighted and shadow casted blocks on the shape respectively. To account for minimal modulation and elusiveness, we optimize the QR code carving shape geometry, visual disparity and light source position. Our technique employs a simulation of lighting phenomena through carved modules on the shape to ensure adequate contrast of the printed 3D-QR-code.... The robust watermark inserted into the region of interest ROI based on Integer Wavelet Transform IWT and the secondary watermark is embedded by the LSB substitution for tamper localization and recovery. A visual watermark method of implanting Quick Response QR Code image onto the grayscale image [10] is proposed. The insertion method changes the pixel values by adding positive random values to them, such that the altered results are visible. ...P. SivananthamaitreyP. Rajesh KumarDual digital watermarking has emerged as a successful solution for copyright protection, tamper detection and localization. However, several problems related to the robustness, capacity, tampered area detection still mystifying. This paper presents a high capacity dual watermarking mechanism for digital colour images. An invisible robust watermark is embedded in the Green component of the host image by using a hybrid combination of Stationary Wavelet Transform SWT and Singular Value Decomposition SVD for copyright protection. A fragile invisible watermark based on the Least Significant Bit LSB replacement approach is embedded in the Blue composition of the image for tamper detection and localization. The proposed technique focuses on robustness and imperceptibility while maximizing embedding capacity that makes this technique a multipurpose watermarking scheme.... " Information Hiding " term is the catching focuses now a days for the safety and security. Subsequently the philosophy of Cryptography[1]and watermarking[2]has been urbanized. The word " Security " is a very catching term from prehistoric age and the significance has been changed in contemporary age, because the research in reverse engineering techniques has been increased the processing power, most important race between researches in cryptanalysis[3]and watermarking detection[4]. ...... Safety and security of communication system proposed "Information Hiding". Then theory of Cryptography [2] and watermarking [3] has been developed. The word "Security" is not the same like some years back, because the research in reverse engineering techniques has been increased the processing power, most important race between researches in cryptanalysis [4] and watermarking detection [5]. ...... The watermarking images with QR codes has already drawn the attention of the research community in several works such as [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Moreover, there is an application of QR code embedding in audio [15]. ...With the continuous adoption of the web and the increase of connection speeds, people are more and more sharing multimedia content. The main problem that is created by this approach is that the shared content become less and less search-friendly. The information that is shared, cannot be easily queried, so a big part of the web becomes inaccessible. To this end, there is a big shift towards adopting new metadata standards for image and video that can efficiently help with queries over image and videos. In this work we extend our proposed method of embedding metadata as QR codes in gray scale images, to color video files with a slightly modified algorithm to make the decoding faster. We then examine the experimental results regarding the compressed file size, using a lossless encoding and the distortion of the frames of the video files. Storing the metadata inside the multimedia stream with QR format has several advantages and possible new uses that are going to be Kumari Chirag PatelIn cloud computing data and applications have been maintained using remote servers that is distributed and it utilizes internet. The main advantage of using cloud computing is that it allow user to use applications over the internet and also share files at any computer over the internet. The use of cloud computing has tremendous impact over the IT industry and also it provides efficient use of resources like bandwidth, storage and processing. As the growth of cloud computing increases many users interact with each other and security issues are arising. The cloud computing growth is hampered by these security issues. There are risks of data breach, data loss, unauthorized access, denial of services etc. In this paper the analysis cloud computing security issues and also surveyed various techniques that are used to handle cloud has been applied in the medical field that is used to enhance the safety of medical information. QR Code is used in this research to store medical image data and insert a watermark into the image using the Least Significant Bit - LSB method that can insert data into the bit sensitive area. Watermark insertion using the LSB method does not affect the image size and cannot be seen by the eye. This method insert a watermark that is distributed throughout the image. The experimental have rotated the image in 90 degrees in a clockwise direction, rotated 90 degrees in a counterclockwise direction and rotated in the opposite direction. The results of the experiment showed that the rotation of the image in the above direction did not affect the reading of the patient’s injury data from the QR Code. Nobuyuki TerauraWe propose a counterfeit detection system that uses a double-coding procedure to encode two-dimensional code. The system uses ordinary black ink, which absorbs infrared rays, and special black ink, which transmits infrared rays. Because special black is copied as ordinary black when replicated by a copying machine, the double-encoded data is lost, thereby enabling the item identified by the code to be identified as a counterfeit. The double-coded two-dimensional code is decoded by comparing the images obtained under white light and infrared radiation. If the data to be double-coded is encrypted, the counterfeiter cannot forge the double-coded two-dimensional code. Duplication can also be detected by using the data to be double-coded as encrypted data of the serial M. Gaikwad K. R. SinghThe grow of smart phone and mobile devices market, has created a new set of opportunities for companies to develop new publicity strategies. One of the most widespread forms of engaging mobile users from printed materials is based on the use of QR codes, which have been adopted for many different applications such as accessing web sites or downloading premium content. In this research work, we will be performing embedding QR code into color image and hiding information using QR code, in order to make them visually appealing to the user while maintaining acceptable decoding robustness. In contrast to previous approaches the methods presented here allows to automatically embedding QR codes into color, grayscale or binary images. These embedding are designed to be compatible with standard decoding applications and can be applied to any color image with full area coverage. The embedding problem is solved by the integration of halftoning method. Finally, we show experimental results of halftoning of color image, embedded QR code image in color image and decoded QR code image from color is connected to the internet with a sensor for understanding the property of the thing for which a two-dimensional code was used. Two-dimensional codes can play the role of connecting cyberspace to physical space, and can play a significant role in the so-called Internet of Things. Moreover, the advancement of machine vision is progressing with machine-to-machine communication. On the other hand, there is also private information, such as personal information, that should not be known by others. Current two-dimensional codes have become ubiquitous and express the cell using two colors white and black. The cell expresses white or black in one bit, and there is no confidentiality available. In response to this, we propose an addition to the existing part that can be read with conventional equipment. We propose a 'secrecy part' that cannot be read without a decryption key. Further, we propose a method for rendering these two-dimensional codes compatible with black-and-white codes. In order to generate the secrecy part, it is necessary to transform a cell into several bits. A multicolor method and a multiple-region method are used to transform the code into several bits. An evaluation of the multi-valued cells in the two-dimensional codes here proposed, with a read verification and compatibility along with the added secrecy part, was carried out using a smartphone with successful Zhang Tiegang GaoQuick Response Code QR Code has become an important entrance of O2O Online to Offline in the era of mobile internet. Many applications, such as transformation of URLs, the descriptions of these images, and so on can be realized through embedding QR Code into images. However, the embedding of QR Code may destroy some image details in the corresponding area, which is annoying, especially in these applications that need high precision. The reversible recovery of original image is of importance. A reversible visible watermarking scheme is proposed for embedding QR Code into images. One can decode the information that is encoded in the QR Code and reversibly recover the original image after the QR Code is scanned successfully. Optimization has been achieved both by utilizing the features of QR Code when encoding and decoding in the visible watermarking period and by utilizing the blocking, scanning, and preprocessing of information in the reversible data hiding period. Experimental results have demonstrated the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Better image quality has been achieved by the proposed scheme compared with existing QR code based blind digital image watermarking technique with an attack detection feature is described here. The technique describes a key based framework to incorporate image, server port address or website address as watermark data; which increases the extended usability of the embedded data and the adaptability of the verification application. The watermarking problem is formulated as a signal communication problem with watermark data representation, embedding of watermark and attack detection as a source encoding, channel encoding and attenuation detection problems respectively. The mathematical aspects of the respective signal processing problems are extended to digital image watermarking with sufficient background support. The use of QR code ensures extended usability, while the application specific watermark data achieves adaptability of the verification application. The QR code is embedded into the attack resistant HH component of 1st level DWT domain of the cover image and to detect malicious interference by an attacker, a unique image registry code generated from the high frequency structural components of the stego-image is used. The key based approach and the attack resistant embedding domain makes this method robust against visually invariant attacks. The testing results show the compliance of the method with all the proposed WangThis paper presents a novel image trading mechanism based on hybrid watermarking techniques. The removable visible watermarking technique is used to provide the safe preview of the protected media. The fingerprinting is used to trace the illegal distributor. Two kinds of watermarking techniques embed watermarks in DCT domain in order to conform to compression techniques. Experimental results show that image trading mechanism based on hybrid watermarking techniques can protect the image with high technologies are now charring a vital role in our day to day life. It has the advantages along with the disadvantages also, which in term generates the requirements of information hiding technology for maintaining the secrecy of the secret information. Extensive amount of work has been carried out by different researchers in this field. In this paper, a novel special domain image Steganography method has been proposed which has been design based as an extension of the PMM method. C 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier novel reversible data hiding algorithm, which can recover the original image without any distortion from the marked image after the hidden data have been extracted, is presented in this paper. This algorithm utilizes the zero or the minimum points of the histogram of an image and slightly modifies the pixel grayscale values to embed data into the image. It can embed more data than many of the existing reversible data hiding algorithms. It is proved analytically and shown experimentally that the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR of the marked image generated by this method versus the original image is guaranteed to be above 48 dB. This lower bound of PSNR is much higher than that of all reversible data hiding techniques reported in the literature. The computational complexity of our proposed technique is low and the execution time is short. The algorithm has been successfully applied to a wide range of images, including commonly used images, medical images, texture images, aerial images and all of the 1096 images in CorelDraw database. Experimental results and performance comparison with other reversible data hiding schemes are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed this paper, we present two new methods for authentication of digital images using invertible watermarking. While virtually all watermarking schemes introduce some small amount of non-invertible distortion in the image, the new methods are invertible in the sense that, if the image is deemed authentic, the distortion due to authentication can be removed to obtain the original image data. Two techniques are proposed one is based on robust spatial additive watermarks combined with modulo addition and the second one on lossless compression and encryption of bit-planes. Both techniques provide cryptographic strength in verifying the image integrity in the sense that the probability of making a modification to the image that will not be detected can be directly related to a secure cryptographic element, such as a has function. The second technique can be generalized to other data types than bitmap to quantization error, bit-replacement, or truncation, most data embedding techniques proposed so far lead to distortions in the original image. These distortions create problems in some areas such as medical, astronomical, and military imagery. Lossless watermarking is an exact restoration approach for recovering the original image from the watermarked image. In this paper we present a novel reversible watermarking technique with higher embedding capacity considering the Human Visual System HVS. During embedding we detect the textured blocks, extract LSBs of the pixel-values from these textured blocks considering the HVS and concatenate the authentication information with the compressed bit-string. We then replace the LSBs of the textured blocks considering the HVS with this bit-string. Since we consider the HVS while extracting LSBs and embedding the payload, the distortions in the resulting watermarked image are completely reversible and imperceptible. We present experimental results to demonstrate the utility of our proposed visible watermark may convey ownership information that identifies the originator of image and video. A potential application scenario for visible watermarks was proposed by IBM where an image is originally embedded with a visible watermark before posting on the web for free observation and download. The watermarked image which serves as a "teaser." The watermark can be removed to recreate the unmarked image by request of interested buyers. Before we can design an algorithm for satisfying this application, three basic problems should be solved. First, we need to find a strategy suitable for producing large amount of visually same but numerically different watermarked versions of the image for different users. Second, the algorithm should let the embedding parameters reachable for any legal user to make the embedding process invertible. Third, an unauthorized user should be prevented from removing the embedded watermark pattern. In this letter, we propose a user-key-dependent removable visible watermarking system RVWS. The user key structure decides both the embedded subset of watermark and the host information adopted for adaptive embedding. The neighbor-dependent embedder adjusts the marking strength to host features and makes unauthorized removal very difficult. With correct user keys, watermark removal can be accomplished in "informed detection" and the high quality unmarked image can be restored. In contrast, unauthorized operation either overly or insufficiently removes the watermark due to wrong estimation of embedding parameters, and thus, the resulting image has apparent data hiding, distortions are introduced in an original image because of quantization errors, bit-replacement, or truncation at the grayscale limit. These distortions are irreversible and visible which are unacceptable in some applications like medical imaging. However, the reversible watermarking technique overcomes this problem by retrieving the original image from the watermarked image. In this paper, we present a novel reversible watermarking algorithm with a high embedding capacity considering the human visual system HVS. We use the arithmetic coding technique to compress a part of the original image and store the compressed data together with necessary authentication information as the payload. The payload is then embedded within the original image with consideration of the HVS. Due to this, the watermarked image contains no perceptible artifacts. During the extraction phase, we extract the payload, restore the exact copy of the original image and verify the authenticity. Experimental results show that our method provides a higher embedding capacity compared to the other algorithms proposed in the common drawback of virtually all current data embedding methods is the fact that the original image is inevitably distorted due to data embedding itself. This distortion typically cannot be removed completely due to quantization, bit-replacement, or truncation at the grayscales 0 and 255. Although the distortion is often quite small and perceptual models are used to minimize its visibility, the distortion may not be acceptable for medical imagery for legal reasons or for military images inspected under non-standard viewing conditions after enhancement or extreme zoom. In this paper, we introduce a new paradigm for data embedding in images lossless data embedding that has the property that the distortion due to embedding can be completely removed from the watermarked image after the embedded data has been extracted. We present lossless embedding methods for the uncompressed formats BMP, TIFF and for the JPEG format. We also show how the concept of lossless data embedding can be used as a powerful tool to achieve a variety of non-trivial tasks, including lossless authentication using fragile watermarks, steganalysis of LSB embedding, and distortion-free robust based scaling of a watermark image is of paramount importance to make the degree of marking applied variable according to the features of host images. Here. A wavelet domain visible watermarking is proposed. The scaling factors for the pixel based method are adaptively determined by the effect of luminance and local spatial characteristicsIn this paper, we propose a reversible visible watermarking algorithm to satisfy a new application scenario where the visible watermark serves as a tag or ownership identifier, but can be completely removed to resume the original image data. It includes two procedures data hiding and visible watermark embedding. In order to losslessly recover both the watermark-covered and nonwatermark-covered image contents at the receiver end, the payload consists of two reconstruction data packets, one for recovering the watermark-covered region, and the other for the nonwatermark-covered region. The data hiding technique reversibly hides the payload in the image region not covered by the visible watermark. To satisfy the requirements of large capacity and high image quality, our hiding technique is based on data compression and uses a payload-adaptive scheme. It further adopts error diffusion for improving subjective image quality and arithmetic compression using a character-based model for increasing computational efficiency. The visible watermark is securely embedded based on a user-key-controlled embedding mechanism. The data hiding and the visible watermark embedding procedures are integrated into a secure watermarking system by a specially designed user key Jun TianReversible data embedding has drawn lots of interest recently. Being reversible, the original digital content can be completely restored. We present a novel reversible data-embedding method for digital images. We explore the redundancy in digital images to achieve very high embedding capacity, and keep the distortion low. Bian YangZheming LuShenghe SunMany watermarking algorithms have been proposed based on the vector quantization VQ technique, which bases the watermark embedding and extracting schemes on the idea of quantization index modulation QIM. We review in this paper VQ-based watermarking algorithms regarding the reversibility of VQ indices in the compressed domain. Considering the reversibility is usually traded with the compression performance, we propose a new reversible image watermarking algorithm using a modified version of the traditional fast correlation based VQ FCVQ and achieves both higher compression and watermarking performance than other algorithms. The advantages of the proposed modified FCVQ include the desirable compression performance and the independently applicability in the practical case without watermarking. Simulation results demonstrated our proposed algorithm. Comparisons between our algorithm and others are this paper, we propose a new algorithm in reversible data hiding, with the application associated with the quick response QR codes. QR codes are random patterns, which can be commonly observed on the corner of posters or webpages. The goal of QR codes aims at convenienceoriented applications for mobile phone users. People can use the mobile phone cameras to capture QR code at the corner of web page, and then the hyperlink corresponding to the QR code can be accessed instantly. Since QR code looks like random noise and it occupies a corner of the original image, its existence can greatly reduce the value of the original content. Thus, how to retain the value of original image, while keeping the capability for the instant access for webpages, would be the major concern of this paper. With the aid of our reversible data hiding technique, the QR codes can be hidden into the original image, and considerable increase in embedding capacity can be expected. Next, we propose a scheme such that when the image containing the QR code is browsed, the hyperlink corresponding to the QR code is accessed first. Then, the QR code could get vanished and the original image would be recovered to retain the information conveyed therein. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed novel reversible data hiding scheme based on invariability of the sum of pixel pairs and pairwise difference adjustment PDA is presented in this letter. For each pixel pair, if a certain value is added to one pixel while the same value is subtracted from the other, then the sum of these two pixels will remain unchanged. How to properly select this value is the key issue for the balance between reversibility and distortion. In this letter, half the difference of a pixel pair plus 1-bit watermark has been elaborately selected to satisfy this purpose. In addition, PDA is proposed to significantly reduce the capacity consumed by overhead information. A series of experiments is conducted to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed Yang Ming-Han TsaiData hiding is an important way of realising copyright protection for multimedia. In this study, a new predictive method is proposed to enhance the histogram-based reversible data hiding approach on grey images. In those developed histogram-based reversible data hiding approaches, their drawbacks are the number of predictive values less to the number of pixels in an image. In these interleaving prediction methods, the predictive values are as many as the pixel values. All predictive error values are transformed into histogram to create higher peak values and to improve the embedding capacity. Moreover, for each pixel, its difference value between the original image and the stego-image remains within ±1. This guarantees that the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR of the stego-image is above 48±dB. Experimental results show that the histogram-based reversible data hiding approach can raise a larger capacity and still remain a good image quality, compared to other histogram-based LiuWen-Hsiang TsaiA novel method for generic visible watermarking with a capability of lossless image recovery is proposed. The method is based on the use of deterministic one-to-one compound mappings of image pixel values for overlaying a variety of visible watermarks of arbitrary sizes on cover images. The compound mappings are proved to be reversible, which allows for lossless recovery of original images from watermarked images. The mappings may be adjusted to yield pixel values close to those of desired visible watermarks. Different types of visible watermarks, including opaque monochrome and translucent full color ones, are embedded as applications of the proposed generic approach. A two-fold monotonically increasing compound mapping is created and proved to yield more distinctive visible watermarks in the watermarked image. Security protection measures by parameter and mapping randomizations have also been proposed to deter attackers from illicit image recoveries. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also Tsai Yu-Chen HuHsiu-Lien YehIn this paper, a reversible image hiding scheme based on histogram shifting for medical images is proposed. As we know, the histogram-based reversible data hiding is limited by the hiding capacity, which is influenced by the overhead of position information that has to be embedded in the host image. To solve this problem, the similarity of neighboring pixels in the images was explored by using the prediction technique and the residual histogram of the predicted errors of the host image was used to hide the secret data in the proposed scheme. In addition, the overlapping between peak and zero pairs was used to further increase the hiding to the experimental results, a higher hiding capacity was obtained and a good quality stego-image was preserved in the proposed scheme. The hiding capacity provided by the proposed scheme was approximately three times that of the original histogram-based method. Compared to the histogram-based method, the quality of the stego-image improved about dB when the same amounts of secret data were TsaiA novel visible watermarking algorithm based on the content and contrast aware COCOA technique with the consideration of Human Visual System HVS model is presented in this study. In order to determine the optimal watermark locations and strength at the watermark embedding stage, the COCOA visible watermarking utilizes the global and local characteristics of the host and watermark images in the discrete wavelet transform DWT domain. To achieve the best tradeoff between the embedding energy of watermark and the perceptual translucence, the utilization of contrast–sensitive function, noise visible function of perceptual model, and the basis function amplitudes of DWT coefficients are fine tuned, for the best quality of perceptual translucence and noise reduction of the COCOA algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that COCOA technique not only provides high PSNR values for the watermarked images, but also preserves the watermark visibility under various signal processing operations, especially the watermark removal LuJun-Xiang WangBei-Bei LiuCopyright protection and information security have become serious problems due to the ever growing amount of digital data over the Internet. Reversible data hiding is a special type of data hiding technique that guarantees not only the secret data but also the cover media can be reconstructed without any distortion. Traditional schemes are based on spatial, discrete cosine transformation DCT and discrete wavelet transformation DWT domains. Recently, some vector quantization VQ based reversible data hiding schemes have been proposed. This paper proposes an improved reversible data hiding scheme based on VQ-index residual value coding. Experimental results show that our scheme outperforms two recently proposed schemes, namely side-match vector quantization SMVQ-based data hiding and modified fast correlation vector quantization MFCVQ-based data TsengChi-Pin HsiehFor some applications such as satellite and medical images, reversible data hiding is the best solution to provide copyright protection or authentication. Being reversible, the decoder can extract the hidden data and recover the original image without distortion. In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error expansion is proposed. The predictive value is computed by using various predictors. The secret data is embedded in the cover image by exploiting the expansion of the difference between a pixel and its predictive value. Experimental results show that our method is capable of providing a great embedding capacity without making noticeable distortion. In addition, the proposed scheme is also applicable to various TsaiLong-Wen ChangA novel reversible visible watermarking algorithm is proposed. It can fully remove the watermark from the visible watermarked image such that the original image can be restored. Pixel values of original image beneath the watermark are mapped to a small range [alpha, alpha + 127] to generate a visible watermarked image. Since the mapping is many-to-one, taking inverse mapping can only approximate the original image. To restore the original image, the difference image of subtracting the approximated image from the original image and other side information are losslessly compressed to be embedded in the visible watermarked image by a reversible data embedding algorithm. We proposed a key-based scheme for the compromise between transparency and robustness. The key is a random variable with discrete normal distribution. In addition, only users with correct key can restore the original image. In the experimental results, we show the transparent degree of watermark can be controlled by the variance of the key. Users with wrong key can not restore the original image from the visible watermarked XiantingPing LingdiLi ZhuoThis paper presents a reversible data hiding scheme. The proposed scheme is based on the difference histogram shifting to spare space for data hiding. Nine basic scan paths are defined, and this means all-directional adjacent pixel differences can be obtained. Due to the fact that the grayscale values of adjacent pixels are close to each other, the all-directional adjacent pixel difference histogram contains a large number of points with equal values. Hence, more data can be embedded into the cover image than previous works based on histogram shifting. Furthermore, multi-layer embedding is used to increase the hiding capacity. In each embedding process, we can embed a large number of data into the cover image by choosing the best scan path and the optimized pixel difference. As experimental results have shown, the cover images are able to embed secret data at an average of the size of the original images while all the PSNR values of the stego images remain larger than 30 novel reversible data hiding scheme based on an integer transform is presented in this paper. The invertible integer transform exploits the correlations among four pixels in a quad. Data embedding is carried out by expanding the differences between one pixel and each of its three neighboring pixels. However, the high hiding capacity can not be achieved only by difference expansion, so the companding technique is introduced into the embedding process so as to further increase hiding capacity. A series of experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed watermarking is an important intellectual property rights IPR protection technique for digital images. For some purposes such as contents used in learning web sites or digital libraries, digital images have to be released but illegal reproductions of them are prohibited. Digital images embedded with visible watermarks will contain perceptible but unobtrusive patterns. The embedded patterns should be difficult to be removed unless intensive and expensive human labors are involved. Recently, Huang and Wu have proposed an attacking scheme against visible watermarks. The structure of embedded visible watermark will be seriously destroyed and a perceptually satisfying recovered image can be obtained by this attacking scheme. To improve the robustness of current visible watermarking schemes, a novel scheme that takes advantages of visible watermarking, fragile watermarking and information hiding has been studied in our research. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme is robust to the present attacking scheme for visible M. AlattarA reversible watermarking algorithm with very high data-hiding capacity has been developed for color images. The algorithm allows the watermarking process to be reversed, which restores the exact original image. The algorithm hides several bits in the difference expansion of vectors of adjacent pixels. The required general reversible integer transform and the necessary conditions to avoid underflow and overflow are derived for any vector of arbitrary length. Also, the potential payload size that can be embedded into a host image is discussed, and a feedback system for controlling this size is developed. In addition, to maximize the amount of data that can be hidden into an image, the embedding algorithm can be applied recursively across the color components. Simulation results using spatial triplets, spatial quads, cross-color triplets, and cross-color quads are presented and compared with the existing reversible watermarking algorithms. These results indicate that the spatial, quad-based algorithm allows for hiding the largest payload at the highest signal-to-noise is composed of the one-bit pixel on the IK. The constitution of Stem starts at Stem = 1. Step 5If S is found, then compress Stem before each addition and stratify If not, repeat step 5Dc= StemStemStep 4To find out S via Stem, which is composed of the one-bit pixel on the IK. The constitution of Stem starts at Stem = 1. Step 5If S is found, then compress Stem before each addition and stratify DC = Stem − Stem,c . If not, repeat step 5. Step 6Construct the payload bit stream as H = SC ɷ DC. Replace S with H to create I – Rm. REFERENCES

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Ingin melindungi karyamu? Berikut adalah penjelasan lengkap mengenai watermark beserta contoh dan cara membuatnya. Zaman sekarang, karya-karya yang diposting di media sosial atau platform lainnya mudah sekali untuk diklaim orang lain. Tapi kamu tidak perlu khawatir, karena kamu bisa menggunakan watermark. Watermark adalah hak cipta yang digunakan untuk menandakan bahwa sebuah karya adalah milikmu. Watermark bisa hadir dalam bentuk logo atau tulisan agar orang lain tidak bisa mengaku bahwa karya tersebut adalah miliknya. Kalau kamu sering berkarya, kamu wajib untuk mengetahui definisi dan cara membuatnya. Yuk, simak penjelasan lengkap mengenai watermark berikut ini. BACA JUGA 5 Jenis Pekerjaan yang Cocok untuk Fresh Graduate Pengertian Watermark Sumber Gambar Freepik Watermark adalah sebuah tanda yang dapat berupa teks, logo, ataupun pola yang dimasukkan pada sebuah karya untuk menandakan kepemilikan dari karya tersebut. Kamu pasti pernah melihatnya. Saat kamu menonton video YouTuber ternama, kamu bisa melihat logo atau nama mereka di videonya. Atau mungkin kamu melihatnya di foto-foto atau gambar online. Watermark ini biasanya dibuat dengan ukuran yang kecil atau transparan untuk melindung hak cipta dari karya tersebut. Namun, ada juga yang membuatnya dalam ukuran besar dan biasanya ditemukan di situs download gambar. Fungsi Watermark Watermark memiliki beberapa kegunaan. Kegunaan yang paling umum adalah untuk melindungi hak cipta sebuah karya. Watermark mencegah orang lain menggunakan karyamu tanpa izin. Jadi ketika kamu posting karyamu di media sosial, orang lain tidak bisa sembarang memposting ulang dan mengklaimnya. Selain itu, watermark juga bisa digunakan untuk branding. Logo yang kamu buat bisa digunakan untuk mempromosikan karyamu. Sehingga saat orang lain melihatnya, mereka akan langsung kenal dengan penciptanya. Contoh Watermark Sumber Gambar Visual Watermark Dari gambar diatas, kamu bisa melihat dua cara menggunakan watermark untuk melindungi hak cipta foto kamu. Pada bagian kiri, watermark ditampilkan di seluruh bagian foto, sedangkan bagian kanan menampilkannya di tengah-tengah foto. Dengan kedua cara tersebut, orang tidak akan bisa meng-crop logo watermark tersebut, dan kamu perlu membayar pemiliknya untuk menghilangkannya. Cara Membuat Watermark Jika kamu ingin mendesain dan menciptakan watermark sendiri, berikut adalah cara membuat watermark sendiri. 1. Pilih Sarana Pembuatan Watermark Sekarang ada banyak sarana pembuatan watermark yang bisa membantu Toppers untuk membuat watermark sendiri. Salah satu contohnya adalah Adobe Photoshop. Ada banyak pilihan lainnya yang bisa kamu temukan di internet. Jika kamu menggunakan ponsel, kamu juga bisa mencarinya di Google Play Store atau App Store. 2. Pilih Foto atau Karya dan Buat Salinannya Pilih foto atau karya yang ingin kamu tambahkan watermark dan buat salinan aslinya terlebih dahulu. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menyimpan karya asli tanpa watermark. 3. Pilih Posisi Watermark Tergantung dari tujuannya, penempatan watermark harus ditentukan dengan baik. Penempatan ini perlu dilakukan dengan hati-hati agar watermark tersebut tidak mengurangi keindahan karyamu. Namun, jika kamu ingin memastikan orang lain tidak bisa menghapusnya, kamu bisa menempatkannya di tengah-tengah gambar atau karya. 4. Buat Watermark sebagai Bagian dari Karya Kamu bisa menjadikan watermark sebagai bagian dari karyamu dengan menempatkannya di posisi yang luput dari perhatian orang. Watermark bisa kamu integrasikan ke dalam karyamu. Proses ini mungkin dapat memakan waktu, namun akan sangat bermanfaat untuk karyamu. 5. Posisikan Watermark di Area Komposit Gambar Dengan kecanggihan teknologi sekarang, watermark dapat dihilangkan dengan mudah menggunakan aplikasi photoshop jika kamu menempatkannya pada latar belakang dengan warna kontras. Untuk membuatnya lebih sulit untuk dihapus, kamu bisa menaruhnya di area komposit gambar dan menyesuaikan tingkat transparansinya. 6. Gunakan Warna Semi Transparan Tingkat transparansi dari watermark memang bebas. Namun jika watermark terlihat terlalu jelas, hal tersebut akan mengurangi keindahan karyanya. Kamu bisa menggunakan warna semi transparan agar watermark terlihat menyatu dengan gambar atau karyamu. 7. Cantumkan Informasi Diri Seperti yang dikatakan sebelumnya, watermark bisa kamu gunakan untuk branding. Kamu bisa melakukannya dengan mencantumkan informasi diri. Sebagai contoh, kamu bisa menggunakan simbol ©, menuliskan nama pemilik, atau menampilkan tanggal publikasi karya tersebut. BACA JUGA 8 Contoh Kop Surat, Bagian Penting dalam Surat Formal Itu dia, Toppers, penjelasan mengenai watermark serta contoh dan cara membuatnya. Selain melindungi karyamu, watermark juga dapat membuatnya terlihat lebih profesional. Kalau kamu sedang mencari alat kantor, kamu bisa mendapatkannya dengan harga terbaik di Tokopedia. Yuk, kunjungi sekarang dan nikmati berbagai promo menarik! Penulis Keefe Adrian SegiSpesifikasi dan harga dari ponsel ini sangat sesuai, simak spesifikasi HP OPPO Reno 8 Pro berikut ini. Spesifikasi Oppo Reno 8 Pro. Oppo Reno 8 Pro dual-SIM (Nano) menjalankan ColorOS 12.1 berbasis Android 12 yang menampilkan layar AMOLED E4 full-HD+ berukuran 6,62 inci (1,080x2,400 piksel) dengan kecepatan refresh 120Hz dan perlindungan AbstractFor authentication and copyright protection of handwritten document images, a dual watermarking algorithm that connects the robust watermarking algorithm based on Krawtchouk moments with a fragile watermarking algorithm based on MD5 hash function is presented. Hence, the robust watermarking algorithm is used to guarantee robustness by modifying frequency coefficients in Krawtchouk moments. Thus, this study proposes a fragile watermarking algorithm, which can perceive in time when the protected image is tampered. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can be used for copyright protection for JPEG compression attacks and tampering detection of this ReferencesArnol’d, Avez, A. Ergodic problems of classical mechanics. In The Mathematical Physics Monograph Series. W. A. Benjamin, New York 1968. E., Soria-Lorente, A. Watermarking based on Krawtchouk moments for handwritten document images. In Hernández Heredia, Y., Milián Núñez, V., Ruiz Shulcloper, J. eds. IWAIPR 2018. LNCS, vol. 11047, pp. 122–129. Springer, Cham 2018. Google Scholar Chen, B., Wornell, Quantization index modulation a class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 474, 1423–1443 2001CrossRef MathSciNet Google Scholar Fischer, A., Frinken, V., Fornés, A., Bunke, H. Transcription alignment of Latin manuscripts using hidden Markov models. In Proceedings of the 2011 Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing, pp. 29–36. ACM 2011 Google Scholar Fischer, A., et al. Automatic transcription of handwritten medieval documents. In 2009 15th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, pp. 137–142. IEEE 2009 Google Scholar Liu, Lin, Yuan, Blind dual watermarking for color images’ authentication and copyright protection. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. 285, 1047–1055 2018CrossRef Google Scholar Mohanty, Ramakrishnan, K., Kankanhalli, M. A dual watermarking technique for images. In Proceedings of the Seventh ACM International Conference on Multimedia Part 2, pp. 49–51. Citeseer 1999 Google Scholar Pastor-Pellicer, J., Afzal, Liwicki, M., Castro-Bleda, Complete system for text line extraction using convolutional neural networks and watershed transform. In 2016 12th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems DAS, pp. 30–35. IEEE 2016 Google Scholar Shivani, S., Singh, P., Agarwal, S. A dual watermarking scheme for ownership verification and pixel level authentication. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, pp. 131–135. ACM 2017 Google Scholar Singh, A. Robust and distortion control dual watermarking in LWT domain using DCT and error correction code for color medical image. Multimed. Tools Appl. 1–11 2019 Google Scholar Singh, Shaw, A hybrid concept of cryptography and dual watermarking LSB\\_\DCT for data security. Int. J. Inf. Secur. Priv. IJISP 121, 1–12 2018CrossRef Google Scholar Wang, N., Li, Z., Cheng, X., Chen, Y. Dual watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and compressive sensing. In 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Communication Technology ICCT, pp. 1763–1767. IEEE 2017 Google Scholar Yap, P., Paramesran, R., Ong, Image analysis by Krawtchouk moments. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 1211, 1367–1377 2003CrossRef MathSciNet Google Scholar Download references Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsUniversidad de Granma, Carretera Central vía Holguín Km 1/2, Bayamo, Granma, CubaErnesto Avila-Domenech & Anier Soria-LorenteUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, CubaAlberto Taboada-CrispiAuthorsErnesto Avila-DomenechYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarAnier Soria-LorenteYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarAlberto Taboada-CrispiYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to Ernesto Avila-Domenech . Editor informationEditors and AffiliationsUppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenIngela NyströmUniversity of Information Science, Havana, CubaYanio Hernández HerediaUniversity of Information Science, Havana, CubaVladimir Milián Núñez Rights and permissions Copyright information© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG About this paperCite this paperAvila-Domenech, E., Soria-Lorente, A., Taboada-Crispi, A. 2019. Dual Watermarking for Handwritten Document Image Authentication and Copyright Protection for JPEG Compression Attacks. In Nyström, I., Hernández Heredia, Y., Milián Núñez, V. eds Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. CIARP 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11896. Springer, Cham. 22 October 2019 Publisher Name Springer, Cham Print ISBN 978-3-030-33903-6 Online ISBN 978-3-030-33904-3eBook Packages Computer ScienceComputer Science R0

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^{Digital watermarking is the technique used to embed author's credentials, logo or some other information into digital images which can be used in authentications for courtroom evidence, copyright claims and other applications. The objective of this work is to develop a feasible and invisible watermark embedding hardware for the secure digital cameras using LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. Bind watermarking tecnique is proposed here. The proposed architecture considers constraints of digital camera such as area, speed, power, robustness and invisibility. The algorithm is evaluated under the attacks like JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group compression, noise, scaling and rotation to verify robustness and invisibility properties. Watermarking processor is described using Verilog HDL and synthesized using μm technology UMC standard cell library for VLSI implementation. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... DWT based implementation needs to store results at each level of computation, so the memory requirement increases. This is one of the reasons for higher area requirement compared to DCT based approaches [10]. ...... An authentication digital camera is a camera with built-in copyright protection and security mechanism for images produced by it. [10,19,20] have presented various secure digital camera models. ...... In [10] DWT based implementation is used to develop a feasible and invisible watermark embedding hardware for the secure digital camera. The proposed scheme of the secure watermarking has described using Verilog HDL, and synthesized using technology UMS standard cell library for VLSI implementation. ...Mustafa Osman Rameshwar RaoThe increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews watermarking techniques, by focusing on the hardware based implementation of digital image watermarking. Digital watermarking is an authentication method that has received a lot of attention in the past few years. Through this paper we will survey some digital image watermarking schemes which have been implemented by using hardware techniques. Also the study shows the similarities and differences between different types and then assesses the benefits gained from the use of this technology.... A method for field programmable gate array FPGA and System-on-Chip SoC implementation is part of this research. In [11], the authors demonstrate a hardware capable of an invisible watermark embedding with the LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. The suggested structural design addresses the limitations of standard digital cameras. ...Smart Healthcare is envisioned as the combination of traditional healthcare augmented by smart bio-sensors, wearable devices and a plethora of on-body sensors that communicate with smart hospitals, smart emergency response systems, and ambulances, through advanced information and communication technologies. The vision of smart healthcare as part of a smart city relies on the framework of the Internet of Things IoT as the underlying core technology that enables the design and operation of a city, whereby smart technology, energy grids, transportation, buildings, communication, and information technology, are all interconnected. The present paper address some of the challenges faced in the IoT infrastructure, specifically secure communication and user authentication in the context of automated analysis of biomedical images and communication of the analysis results and related metadata in a smart healthcare framework. A hardware architecture for a Secure Digital Camera SDC integrated with the Secure Better Portable Graphics SBPG compression algorithm, suitable for applications in the IoT, is proposed in this paper. The focus of this work is on patient data protection and authentication. The proposed SBPG architecture offers two layers of protection concurrent encryption and watermarking which address all issues related to security, privacy, and digital rights management DRM. The experimental results demonstrate that the new compression technique BPG outperforms JPEG in terms of compression quality and compressed file size while providing increased image quality. High performance requirements of BPG have been met by employing two techniques 1 insertion of an encrypted signature in the center portion of the image, and 2 frequency domain watermarking using block-wise DCT of size 8×8 pixels. These approaches optimize the proposed architecture by decreasing computational complexity while maintaining strong protection, with concomitant increase of the speed of the watermarking and compression processes. A Simulink prototype for the proposed architecture has been built and tested. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the hardware architecture for BPG compression with built-in image authentication capability for integration with a secure digital camera is the first one ever proposed.... It also provides a method for field programmable gate array FPGA implementation. Darji et al. [2] show hardware capable of entrenching invisible watermark using LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. In [3], a novel scheme is introduced to support pictures and illustrations captured by digital cameras. ...This paper proposes a hardware architecture for a Secure Digital Camera SDC integrated with Secure Better Portable Graphics SBPG compression algorithm. The proposed architecture is suitable for high performance imaging in the Internet of Things IoT. The objectives of this paper are twofold. On the one hand, the proposed SBPG architecture offers double-layer protection encryption and watermarking. On the other hand, the paper proposes SDC integrated with secure BPG compression for real time intelligent traffic surveillance ITS. The experimental results prove that the new compression technique BPG outperforms JPEG in terms of compression quality and size of the compression file. As the visual quality of the watermarked and compressed images improves with larger values of PSNR, the results show that the proposed SBPG substantially increases the quality of the watermarked compressed images. To achieve a high performance architecture three techniques are considered first, using the center portion of the image to insert the encrypted signature. Second, watermarking is done in the frequency domain using block-wise DCT size 8×8. Third, in BPG encoder, the proposed architecture uses inter and intra prediction to reduce the temporal and spatial redundancy.... Its compatibility was also assessed with different multi-media constructing electrical devices, and system-on-achip SoC technology is a central component of the model. Darji et al. [17] show the development of hardware capable of entrenching invisible watermarks using a LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. In the suggested structural design, the authors have considered all the limitations of a digital camera. ...Image or video exchange over the Internet of Things IoT is a requirement in diverse applications, including smart health care, smart structures, and smart transportations. This paper presents a modular and extensible quadrotor architecture and its specific prototyping for automatic tracking applications. The architecture is extensible and based on off-the-shelf components for easy system prototyping. A target tracking and acquisition application is presented in detail to demonstrate the power and flexibility of the proposed design. Complete design details of the platform are also presented. The designed module implements the basic proportional–integral–derivative control and a custom target acquisition algorithm. Details of the sliding-window-based algorithm are also presented. This algorithm performs $20times $ faster than comparable approaches in OpenCV with equal accuracy. Additional modules can be integrated for more complex applications, such as search-and-rescue, automatic object tracking, and traffic congestion analysis. A hardware architecture for the newly introduced Better Portable Graphics BPG compression algorithm is also introduced in the framework of the extensible quadrotor architecture. Since its introduction in 1987, the Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG graphics format has been the de facto choice for image compression. However, the new compression technique BPG outperforms the JPEG in terms of compression quality and size of the compressed file. The objective is to present a hardware architecture for enhanced real-time compression of the image. Finally, a prototyping platform of a hardware architecture for a secure digital camera SDC integrated with the secure BPG SBPG compression algorithm is presented. The proposed architecture is suitable for high-performance imaging in the IoT and is prototyped in Simulink. To the best of our- knowledge, this is the first ever proposed hardware architecture for SBPG compression integrated with an embeddings are fundamentally a form of word representation that links the human understanding of knowledge meaningfully to the understanding of a machine. The representations can be a set of real numbers a vector. Word embeddings are scattered depiction of a text in an n-dimensional space, which tries to capture the word meanings. This paper aims to provide an overview of the different types of word embedding techniques. It is found from the review that there exist three dominant word embeddings namely, Traditional word embedding, Static word embedding, and Contextualized word embedding. BERT is a bidirectional transformer-based Contextualized word embedding which is more efficient as it can be pre-trained and fine-tuned. As a future scope, this word embedding along with the neural network models can be used to increase the model accuracy and it excels in sentiment classification, text classification, next sentence prediction, and other Natural Language Processing tasks. Some of the open issues are also discussed and future research scope for the improvement of word encoding complexity of an image format is a vigorously updating area of study in the field of two-layer protection with wavelet transform compression. In the proposed method, hybrid 2D-FDCT watermarking and RSA encryption for multispectral images predicted an efficient system. This approach satisfies the encryption security, robustness and classification accuracy retention of an algorithm. The two-layer protection of encrypted and embedded watermark image followed by wavelet transform compression minimizes the file size in the exhaustive process for encoding. An important merit is that encoding time is very much reduced in contrast to other security and compression mechanisms. The enhanced value of PSNR as well as trade-off of MES, normalized cross-correlation, the average difference and structural content improves the storage large file size medical image and improves bandwidth to an acceptable level. Priya DhinaMamatha G SKeratoconus detection and diagnosis has become a crucial step of primary importance in the preoperative evaluation for the refractive surgery. With the ophthalmology knowledge improvement and technological advancement in detection and diagnosis, artificial intelligence AI technologies like machine learning ML and deep learning DL play an important role. Keratoconus being a progressive disease leads to visual acuity and visual quality. The real challenge lies in acquiring unbiased dataset to predict and train the deep learning models. Deep learning plays a very crucial role in upturning ophthalmology division. Detecting early stage keratoconus is a real challenge. Hence, our work aims to primarily focus on detecting an early stage and multiple classes of keratoconus disease using deep learning models. This review paper highlights the comprehensive elucidation of machine learning and deep learning models used in keratoconus detection. The research gaps are also identified from which to obtain the need of the hour for detecting keratoconus in humans even before the symptoms are Pendyala Aniket GokhaleThis paper utilizes a spatial domain Watermarking algorithm applicable on grayscale images. Spatial domain technique is utilized taking advantage of it low computational complexity. The initial stage of approach is accomplished by building the algorithm on MATLAB R2014a© platform and then shifting the base to ISE Design Suite platform. The VLSI implementation of the spatial domain Watermarking algorithm is targeted on device xc5vlx50t-1ff1136 of Virtex-5 family. The robustness of the Watermarking algorithm is verified by attacking the Watermarked image with various types of noise, compression, transformation and geometrical attacks. The application of Multiple Watermarking technique also renders the effectiveness and robustness of the watermarking this paper, 2D integer wavelet transform based watermarking is carried out for the grayscale image with its VLSI architectural implementations. In the 2D integer wavelet transformation the lifting scheme is adopted and the watermarking operation is carried out in the LL2 frequency subbands. The entire watermark embedding process and extraction process are modeled in MATLAB and analyzed against the signal processing attacks like compression, salt & pepper noise, rotation and Intensity transformation attacks. Finally the same algorithm is modeled using Verilog HDL and implemented using ALTERA paper proposes a new spatial domain watermarking of grayscale images and has also shown its VLSI Implementation without altering its content in real time using a secret key. The secret key is generated by searching the watermark pixel values in host image content and the location maps are marked in secret key. Therefore this algorithm is called PVSA- Pixel Value Search Algorithm. The proposed algorithm does not make any change in the host image. Thus it shows high robustness to signal processing attacks. The watermark extraction process is simple as the host content is extracted based on key. We have evaluated the robustness of the algorithm against several signal processing attacks using MATLAB. Finally we have implemented the same algorithm in verilog HDL using Altera is the process that embeds data called a watermark, tag or label into a multimedia object, such as images, video or text for their copyright protection. According to human perception, the digital watermarks can either be visible or invisible. A visible watermark is a secondary translucent image overlaid into the primary image and appears visible to a viewer on a careful inspection. The invisible watermark is embedded in such a way that the modifications made to the pixel value is perceptually not noticed and it can be recovered only with an appropriate decoding mechanism. In this paper, we present a new VLSI architecture for implementing two visible digital image watermarking schemes. The proposed architecture is designed aiming at easy integration into any existing digital camera framework. To our knowledge, this is the first VLSI architecture for implementing visible watermarking schemes. A prototype chip consisting of 28469 gates is implemented using 035" technology, which consumes 69mW power while operating at 292MHz. Saraju P. MohantyRenuka Kumara CSridhara NayakBoth encryption and digital watermarking techniques need to be in- corporated in a digital rights management framework to address different aspects of content management. While encryption transforms original multimedia ob- ject into another form, digital watermarking leaves the original object intact and recognizable. The objective is to develop low power, real time, reliable and se- cure watermarking systems, which can be achieved through hardware implemen- tations. In this paper, we present an FPGA based implementation of an invisi- ble spatial domain watermarking encoder. The watermarking encoder consists of a watermark generator, watermark insertion module, and a controller. Most of the invisible watermarking algorithms available in the literature and also the al- gorithm implemented in this paper insert pseudorandom numbers to host data. Therefore, we focus on the structural design aspects of watermarking generator using linear feedback shift register. We synthesized the prototype watermarking encoder chip using Xilinx this brief, we present a new VLSI architecture that can insert invisible or visible watermarks in images in the discrete cosine transform domain. The proposed architecture incorporates low-power techniques such as dual voltage, dual frequency, and clock gating to reduce the power consumption and exploits pipelining and parallelism extensively in order to achieve high performance. The supply voltage level and the operating frequency are chosen for each module so as to maintain the required bandwidth and throughput match among the different modules. A prototype VLSI chip was designed and verified using various Cadence and Synopsys tools based on TSMC technology with M transistors and mW of estimated dynamic is the process that embeds data called a watermark, a tag, or a label into a multimedia object, such as images, video, or text, for their copyright protection. According to human perception, the digital watermarks can either be visible or invisible. A visible watermark is a secondary translucent image overlaid into the primary image and appears visible to a viewer on a careful inspection. The invisible watermark is embedded in such a way that the modifications made to the pixel value is perceptually not noticed, and it can be recovered only with an appropriate decoding mechanism. This paper presents a new very large scale integration VLSI architecture for implementing two visible digital image watermarking schemes. The proposed architecture is designed to aim at easy integration into any existing digital camera framework. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first VLSI architecture for implementing visible watermarking schemes. A prototype chip consisting of 28 469 gates is implemented using mu/m technology, which consumes power while operating at 292 this paper, we propose an architecture that performs the forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform DWT using a lifting-based scheme for the set of seven filters proposed in JPEG2000. The architecture consists of two row processors, two column processors, and two memory modules. Each processor contains two adders, one multiplier, and one shifter. The precision of the multipliers and adders has been determined using extensive simulation. Each memory module consists of four banks in order to support the high computational bandwidth. The architecture has been designed to generate an output every cycle for the JPEG2000 default filters. The schedules have been generated by hand and the corresponding timings listed. Finally, the architecture has been implemented in behavioral VHDL. The estimated area of the proposed architecture in technology is mm square, and the estimated frequency of operation is 200 Mhz. Ingrid DaubechiesWim SweldensThis article is essentially tutorial in nature. We show how any discrete wavelet transform or two band subband filtering with finite filters can be decomposed into a finite sequence of simple filtering steps, which we call lifting steps but that are also known as ladder structures. This decomposition corresponds to a factorization of the polyphase matrix of the wavelet or subband filters into elementary matrices. That such a factorization is possible is well-known to algebraists land expressed by the formula SLn; R[z, z-1] = En; R[z, z-1]; it is also used in linear systems theory in the electrical engineering community. We present here a self-contained derivation, building the decomposition from basic principles such as the Euclidean algorithm, with a focus on applying it to wavelet filtering. This factorization provides an alternative for the lattice factorization, with the advantage that it can also be used in the biorthogonal, non-unitary case. Like the lattice factorization, the decomposition presented here asymptotically reduces the computational complexity of the transform by a factor two. Ir has other applications, such as the possibility of defining a wavelet-like transform that maps integers to integers. Ingrid DaubechiesWim SweldensThis paper is essentially tutorial in nature. We show how any discrete wavelet transform or two band subband ltering with nite lters can be decomposed into a nite sequence of simple lter - ing steps, which we call lifting steps but that are also known as ladder structures. This decomposition corresponds to a factorization of the polyphase matrix of the wavelet or subband lters into elementary matrices. That such a factorization is possible is well-known to algebraists and expressed by the formula ; it is also used in linear systems theory in the electrical engineering community. We present here a self-contained derivation, building the decomposition from basic principles such as the Euclidean algorithm, with a focus on applying it to wavelet ltering. This factorization provides an alternative for the lattice factorization, with the advantage that it can also be used in the biorthogonal, non-unitary case. Like the lattice factorization, the decomposition presented here asymptotically re- duces the computational complexity of the transform by a factor two. It has other applications, such as the possibility of dening a wavelet-like transform that maps integers to HuangChangsheng YangWatermarking is a technique for labeling digital picture by hiding secret information in the images. This paper presents a method of watermark embedding and extracting based on discrete wavelet transform of blocks and Arnold transform. Different with most previous work, which uses a random number of a sequence of bits as a watermark, the proposed method embeds a watermark with visual recognizable patterns, such as gray image in images. In the proposed method, each pixel of watermark is embedded in the wavelet coefficient of the middle and low frequency of a block in the images. Unlike other watermarking techniques that use a single casting energy, this method casts watermarks in multi-energy level. The performance of the proposed watermarking is robust to variety of signal distortions, such a JPEG, image cropping, sharpening, and blurring ChenJeanne ChenJian-Guo ChenIn this paper we propose an effective watermark scheme for embedding and extracting based on the JPEG2000 Codec process. Our embedding algorithm applies the torus automorphisms TA technique to break up and scramble a watermark. The scrambled watermark was embedded into the quantized bitstreams of JPEG2000 before the entropy coding stage. Distortion reduction DR was applied to the compressed image to lessen image degradation caused by the embedding process. Our watermark scheme is simple and easy to implement. Furthermore, it is robust to attacks like blurring, edge enhancement, and other image processing Lim Soonyoung ParkSeong-Jun KangWan-Hyun ChoIn this paper, we present an FPGA implementation of a watermarking-based authentication algorithm for a digital camera to authenticate the snapshots in a manner that any changes of contents in the still image will be reflected in the embedded watermark. All components of a digital camera and a watermark algorithm are implemented in VHDL, simulated, synthesized and loaded into an FPGA device. To achieve the semifragile characteristics that survive a certain amount of compression, we employ the property of DCT coefficients quantization proposed by Lin and Chang 2000. The binary watermark bits are generated by exclusive ORing the binary logo with pseudo random binary sequence. Then watermark bits are embedded into the LSBs of DCT coefficients in the medium frequency range. The system consists of three main parts image capture and LCD controller, watermark embedding part, and camera control unit. The FPGA implemented digital camera is tested to analyze the performance. It is shown that the watermarking algorithm can embed the watermark into the original image coming from a sensor much faster than the software implementation and the embedded image is easily transmitted to the PC by using the USB interface. The quality of the transmitted image is also comparable to the one implemented by a software SatyanarayanaR. Satish Kumar Udipi NiranjanDigital watermarking is a technique of embedding imperceptible information into digital documents. In this paper, a VLSI implementation of the digital watermarking technique is presented for 8 bit gray scale images. This implementation of fragile invisible watermarking is carried out in the spatial domain. The standard ASIC design flow for a μm CMOS technology has been used to implement the algorithm. The area of the chip is 3453×3453 μm2 and the power consumption is lifting based 1-D discrete wavelet transform DWT core is proposed. It is re-configurable for 5/3 and 9/7 filters in JPEG2000. Folded architecture is adopted to reduce the hardware cost and achieve the higher hardware utilization. Multiplication is realized in hardwired multiplier with coefficients represented in canonic signed-digit CSD form. It is a compact and efficient DWT core for the hardware implementation of JPEG2000 encoderJames L. MannosDavid J. SakrisonShannon's rate-distortion function provides a potentially useful lower bound against which to compare the rate-versus-distortion performance of practical encoding-transmission systems. However, this bound is not applicable unless one can arrive at a numerically-valued measure of distortion which is in reasonable correspondence with the subjective evaluation of the observer or interpreter. We have attempted to investigate this choice of distortion measure for monochrome still images. This investigation has considered a class of distortion measures for which it is possible to simulate the optimum in a rate-distortion sense encoding. Such simulation was performed at a fixed rate for various measures in the class and the results compared subjectively by observers. For several choices of transmission rate and original images, one distortion measure was fairly consistently rated as yielding the most satisfactory appearing encoded SweldensIn this paper we present the basic idea behind the lifting scheme, a new construction of biorthogonal wavelets which does not use the Fourier transform. In contrast with earlier papers we introduce lifting purely from a wavelet transform point of view and only consider the wavelet basis functions in a later stage. We show how lifting leads to a faster, fully in-place implementation of the wavelet transform. Moreover, it can be used in the construction of second generation wavelets, wavelets that are not necessarily translates and dilates of one function. A typical example of the latter are wavelets on the sphere. Keywords wavelet, biorthogonal, in-place calculation, lifting 1 Introduction At the present day it has become virtually impossible to give the definition of a "wavelet". The research field is growing so fast and novel contributions are made at such a rate that even if one manages to give a definition today, it might be obsolete tomorrow. One, very vague, way of thinking about...Design and implementation of a progressive image coding chip based on the lifting wavelet transformC C LiuY H ShiauJ M Jou}

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